Paul STRAND (1890-1976), Henri CARTIER-BRESSON (1908-2004), millions of “photo-club” amateurs

CONSTRAINT : repetition of motif within the single image.

INVENTION : “Geometric” ϕ.

WORKS : “The White Fence” (Strand, 1915), etc.. Many ϕers chose motifs that are metaphors of the more superficial distinguishing features of ϕ, hence the abundance of ϕs of : rectangles (metaphors of the frame) ; geometrically receeding pillars or floor tiles (metaphors of perspective) ; naturally black and white subjects (metaphor of monochrome reproduction) ; flat sufaces or mirrors and reflexions (metaphors of the 2-D nature of ϕ and its trompe-l'œil) etc.